Water pollution is a major problem in lebanon, which is has been exacerbated lately. This file contains additional information such as exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. Lions, is an important water resource in southern lebanon. Lion s, is an important water resource in southern lebanon. The objectives of this study are modehg the water quality of rivers in time and space. Alternatively, you can also download the pdf file directly to your computer, from where it can be opened using a pdf reader. The litani river the classical leontes is an important water resource in southern lebanon.
Exceeding 140 km in length, the litani river is the longest river in lebanon and provides an average annual flow estimated at 920 milli. Water quality of litani rivers at quaraoun lake station in lebanon was evaluated by measuring various physicochemical parameters between 2008 and 2018. Execute the litani river master plan for irrigation, drainage and domestic water. The pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plugin installed for example, a recent version of adobe acrobat reader.
Water quality of the upper litani river basin, lebanon. The river rise s in the fertile beqaa valley, west of baalbek, and empties into the mediterranean sea north of tyre. The river rises in the fertile beqaa valley, west of baalbek, and empties into. This report provides the water accounting study for litani river basin in lebanon carried out by ihe delft using the water productivity wapor data portal of the food and agricultural organization fao. The program will strengthen the managerial and operational functions of the water utilities by training their staff and.
Ecological status assessment of litani river, lebanon using. The highest levels of contamination along the litani river thus falls within the midupper litani river basin, where the largest communities are located and are discharging their effluent into the river. Water quality of litani river s at quaraoun lake station in lebanon was evaluated by measuring various physicochemical parameters between 2008 and 2018. Could recent action end decades of pollution in lebanons. Filter solutions inc is a leading manufacturer of bag and cartridge housings, strainers, separators, and other related filtration equipment. This motivated the lebanese government to take action and start working on the remediation of the river. It is divided roughly into 4 equal reaches of average slope of 0. The diaries of moshe sharett, an israeli prime minister during the mid1950s, reveal that bengurion and moshe dayan, chief of staff and defense minister, were strong advocates of israeli occupation of southern lebanon to the.
The litani power and irrigation project consists of. The qaraoun lake is the largest artificial lake in lebanon and has a capacity to hold about 220 million cubic meters of water. Shortly after its establishment, lra was busy by a powerful hydroelectric development project, which included the area between lake quaroun and the mediterranean sea. Pdf water quality of the upper litani river basin, lebanon. Due to decades of neglect and mismanagement, the river has become heavily polluted. Samples were performed and analyzed the first of every month. Water samples were collected from six sites along the litani river path. Litani river formed a homogenous subset characterized by eutrophic conditions 54.
Could recent action end decades of pollution in lebanons litani river. Litani river drains the central and south bekaa valley, and the qarauon dam is located at the southern end of the valley. Litani river article about litani river by the free dictionary. The lakes water irrigates about 30 percent of the countrys. Lebanon litani power and irrigation project english abstract. These are the upper and lower litani basin, which are joined in the middle part of the basin at the qaraaoun lake i. Qaraoun, an artificial lake of 11 square km, was created by the litani river dam, 60 meters high and 1,350 meters in length, which was completed in 1959. Eutrophication of litani river, the most important water national concern. Qaraoun, an artificial lake of 12 square km, was created by the litani river dam, 60 meters high and 1,350 meters in length, which was completed in 1959.
The litani river, the largest river in lebanon, faces a multitude of environmental problems. Twenty years ago, the river started to get severely polluted due to factories and household wastes being dumped in the stream in the river causing many health problems for locals. Access to the litani river was a concern during israels formative years. The miscellany of land uses in the river basin, notably the agricultural, makes it vulnerable to many pollution aspects. It originates in the bekaa valley from the oleik spring approximately 1,000 masl west of the ancient city of baalbeck flowing southward then westward until it discharges into the mediterranean sea near the city tyre. River water, although it conceded that it is recognized that each of these countries may have different ideas about the specific areas within their boundaries to which these waters might be directed.
Downstream the river flows through a narrow valley, a canyon in some places dropping 800 m to sea over some 70 km. Exceeding 140 km in length, the litani river is the longest river in lebanon and. Israel responded to the main plan with the cotton plan, which it allocated israel 1290 mcmyr. Sep 27, 2019 litani river, 174 km long, is located in the middle part of lebanon and joins the inner zone bekaa plain with the coastal one mount lebanon fig. River basin references are provided in chapter 6 to specific reports. Establishments and the litani river authority lra which are mandated by law to provide water, wastewater, and irrigation management services in lebanon. It springs up from the same fertile bequaa valley of east lebanon and proceeds along a course of about 140 total kilometers entirely within lebanese territory which makes it the longest lebanese river. A spillway of 6503 meters carries the water to the underground station where generators produce a maximum of 185 megawatts of electricity, the largest hydroelectric project in lebanon. The litani river rises in the bekaa valley, a short distance west of baalbek, and flows south, between the lebanon mountain to the west and the antilebanon mountains to the east. Groundwater in the upper litani river basin ulrb has in recent years become highly vulnerable to contamination, thus impacting socioeconomic development and community resilience in the basin. Eutrophication of litani river, the most important water resource in lebanon, has become a pressing national concern. The canal is operated by the litani river authority and is located in south central portion of lebanons bekaa valley. This famous river is contaminated, and needs to be cleaned up, and litani river pollution has been one of the main highlighted. To protect the litani from widespread pollution, the lra initiated legal actions which lead to the prosecution of different stakeholders for polluting this river.
The litani river basin is essential for agriculture, urban development, industry in lebanon and suffers from widespread water pollution due to lack of pollution regulation and enforcement, few operable wastewater treatment facilities, and environmentally damaging agricultural practices. Its water resources have been harnessed for human uses since the 1960s through the construction of the qaraoun dam. The dam was built on the litani river, the countrys principal water artery. Physicochemical evaluation of the upper litani river. Lions in greek which rises in the bekaa and empties into the mediterranean sea north of tyre has changed its colors over the years from crystal blue to murky brown, threatening populations over its 140 km stretch. In june 1941, the mouth of the river was the site of an attack by british commandos and australian troops on vichy french forces that became known as the battle of the litani river. Lebanon litani power and irrigation project english. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Lebanon cost assessment of water resources degradation of the litani basin 2 acknowledgements and citation acknowledgements. Location of the litani river basin in the near east. Situated within the boundaries of lebanon, litani river runs for about 170 km through bekaa valley in a south westerly direction to meet the mediterranean sea figure 1.
The main contributors to the degradation of litani river are industrial pollution from factories and slaughterhouse. All the heads of united nations agencies are members of the security management team. The river occupies four administrative governorates, which include more than 350,000 people about 9% of lebanons population. Equally important, however, is the fact that development of the litani basin might very well be a necessary action to thwart israeli designs over this entirely lebanese water system. According to military sources, close to 70 percent of the katyusha rockets raining down on israel are fired just south of, and north of the litani riv. This book presents a collection of chapters covering research on the litani river basin. This includes the major physiochemical characteristics. The litani river, draining the southern half of lebanons bekaa valley, is a major source of electricity, agricultural output, and drinking water for the nation. Implement the litani irrigation, drying, drinking water and electricity projects. Our opensource library houses the thousands of documents, periodicals, maps and reports released to the public. Since its establishment, the litani river authority was considered to be a public institution whose functions are identified as follows. Lebanon takes a step in addressing water pollution.
Groundwater quality in the upper litani river basin. In spite of the intensive efforts on studying the physiochemical properties of its water, not enough attention has so far been given to the biological quality elements and trophic status of the r seasonal levels of sestonic chlorophyll litani river during 20 and 2014 and the relationship with tran. If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. However, surface water sources are most exploited, and more certainly the water from rivers. The main problem in cleaning up litani river pollution. The river rises in the fertile beqaa valley valley, west of baalbek, and empties into the mediterranean sea north of tyre. Due to the crisis in syria, hundreds of thousands of refugees have flooded into these two basins. Nov 17, 2017 the litani river basin in the southern part of lebanon is in addition to the jordan river basin, the most important water source in the region, and it is not surprising that israel and lebanon have often encountered an armed conflict. Litani river authority was established under the law dated august 14, 1954 amended on december 30, 1955. The development of the litani river basin will figure highly in this strategy. The end result of this study was to construct six water treatment plants. The litani river is about 170 km long and has a watershed of some 2,181 km2.
Current situation i executive summary introduction the litani river is the largest river in lebanon and drains the central and south bekaa valley. The litani river authority lra was formed in 1954 in order to promote the united development of the litani river basin. The conflict resulted in the deaths of 1,1002,000 lebanese and palestinians, 20. Water accounting in thelitani river basi n remote sensing for water productivity. The litani river al assis more wellbehaved sister is the litani river, which flows from north to south. Litani river authority created by a law dated on 14 august 1954 and rectified later on 30 december 1955. In spite of the intensive efforts on studying the physiochemical properties of its water, not enough attention has so far been given to the biological quality elements and trophic status of the river. The litani river raid was, initially, a commando operation to capture intact a key bridge in vichy french syria, just prior to the arrival of australian forces sent in to occupy the country.
Execute the hydraulic electrical power generation and electrical networks between powerhouse and electrical distribution networks in all lebanese regions. Control of the litani river is important to water deficient israel. The litani river basin management support lrmbs program was a four and a halfyear program to improve water management in the litani river basin. Water security is a very important purpose facing the world in the last decay as one of the main consequences related to the risks of climate change. Aug 11, 2006 the government of prime minister ehud olmert has given the israeli defense force the final approval to conduct the ground assault to the litani river in southern lebanon. A crash course on the coming war in the middle east. The litani river has been lately subjected to several aspects of. It is the main water source for irrigation in the bekaa valley. The main thesis is that the desire to obtain additional water sources has been a primary influence on geostrategic interactions of israel. The litani river has been lately subjected to several aspects of deterioration in its quality. Litani river south america the litani or itany is a river which forms part of the boundary between suriname and french guiana.
The main thesis is that the desire to obtain additional water sources has been a. A lebanese girl cools off in the polluted waters of one of the branches of the allitani river in anjar, northeast of. The aims of this study are to assess the seasonal variations in water quality in the upper litani river basin, including the qaraaoun lake. Abstractthe research has focused on the physical and chemical characteristics of the litani river. Sep 02, 20 a crash course on the coming war in the middle east. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of the. The river rises in the fertile beqaa valley, west of baalbek, and empties into the mediterranean sea north of tyre. A series of actions pursued by the litani river authority lra have built momentum, producing an unexpected change in lebanons lingering water pollution crisis. This document is not a scientific encyclopedia on the status of water resources in the litani. The upper litani river basin can be divided into several zones in terms of river morphology and health as well as human interference. Technical land survey and studies of dams on north.
The litani river basin occupies about a quarter of lebanons surface area, and it has recently been subject to severe geoenvironmental conditions such as water contamination and decreased discharge. Jul 19, 2016 the once roaring waters of litani river are choking in feces. Project location map canal 900 an open, combination rectangular and trapezoidal, concretelined channel of approximately 18. Flowing entirely within lebanon, the litani rises in the biqa valley and flows south between the lebanon mountains to the west and the antilebanon mountains to the east until nabatiya, where it turns sharply to the west crosses lebanon and empties into the mediterranean sea. Water accounting in the litani river basin food and agriculture. With over 30,000 square feet of manufacturing and warehousing space we utilize the latest welding, plasma and multiaxis water jet equipment in the manufacturing of our products. Assessing water quality management options in the upper.
Media in category litani river the following 15 files are in this category, out of 15 total. Litani river lebanontourismlebanon tourism, discover. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Water quality of the upper litani river basin, lebanon article pdf available in physics procedia 55.
Pdf this article examines the hydropolitics of the middle east, through a case study of the litani river of lebanon. The once roaring waters of litani river are choking in feces. The seven years ambitious plan is divided into four components. To download the pdf, click the download link below. The designated official for security in lebanon, north of the litani river is mr. Litani river basin disputes around water soapboxie. This article examines the hydropolitics of the middle east, through a case study of the litani river of lebanon. The source of lake qaraoun, the litani river meaning. An assessment and current challenges is a muchawaited publication that con. The litani river is lebanons longest and largest river flowing entirely within its boundaries. Analysis of monthly streamflow series of the litani river.
In 2014, the lebanese ministry of environment moe and the u n development programme undp assessed the impact of syrian conflict on the lebanese. Mona fakih, director of water resources at the ministry of energy and water resources, mr. Eutrophication of litani river, the most important water resource in lebanon. Litani river river in lebanon which empties into the mediterranean sea english contemporary dictionary. Litani river raid no11commando 910 june 1941 in vichy french syria. The 1978 south lebanon conflict codenamed operation litani by israel was an invasion of lebanon up to the litani river, carried out by the israel defense forces in 1978 in response to the coastal road massacre. It was implemented by international resources group irg, in cooperation with the litani river authority lra, and was funded by usaid.
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